The Republic of Concrete : Beneficiaries from the Increase in Built-up Areas
Decrees stipulating increase in ground and total coefficient factors (2000- June 2014) |
Table 1 |
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Qada’a |
Number and date of the decree |
Real estate zone-Plot number |
Remarks |
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Beirut
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2477 February 6, 2000 |
Msaytbeh 5022 |
Raising the GEC from 40% to 60% and the TEC factor from 2.5 to 5. The area added as a result of the increase thus becomes 2277 m2 for the purpose of building a hotel |
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2522 February 23, 2000 |
Msaytbeh 4511 |
Raising the GEC from 40% to 58% and the TEC factor from 2 to 4 for the purpose of building a hotel. |
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3500 July 25, 2000 |
Ras Beirut 191 |
The maximum TEC factor goes up from 4 to 5. |
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3671 August 21, 2000 |
Ras Beirut 687-688 |
The GEC goes up from 40% to 59% and the TEC factor from 2.5 to 5 for the purpose of building a hotel. |
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4024 October 10, 2000 |
Msaytbeh 5000 |
The GEC becomes 60% and the maximum TEC factor 5 for the purpose of building a hotel. |
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4108 October 16, 2000 |
Ain El-Mrayseh 733 |
The GEC becomes 47% instead of 40% and the maximum TEC factor 5 instead of 2.5 |
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4331 October 25, 2000 |
Ras Beirut 1090 |
The GEC becomes 58% instead of 40% and the maximum TEC factor 5 instead of 2, for the purpose of building a hotel. |
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4441 December 14, 2000 |
Several buildings in Downtown, Beirut |
The Higher Urban Planning Council exempts a number of buildings in Downtown Beirut from certain construction requirements. |
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4906 February 13, 2001 |
Marfaa 448 |
Increasing the total area of construction allowed to 4153 m2. |
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5985 July 30, 2001 |
Ras Beirut 616- 617 |
Increasing the TEC factor of a hotel building from 4.8 to 5. |
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6113 August 30, 2001 |
Mazra’a 5394- 5870 |
Increasing the GEC of a hotel building from 40% to 50% and the TEC factor from 2.5 to 5. |
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6359 September 19, 2001 |
Ras Beirut 2914 |
Increasing the GEC of a hotel building from 40% to 60%. A previous decree numbered 10097 had raised the TEC factor to 5. |
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9121 November 28, 2002 |
Msaytbeh 2055 |
Excluding the plot in question from the prescribed construction regulations and excluding the heritage construction area from the TEC factor and the maximum height allowed on the plot. |
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9744 March 6, 2003 |
Ras Beirut 1089 |
Increasing the maximum TEC factor of a hotel building from 2.5 to 5. |
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14225 February 25, 2005 |
Mina El-Hosn 1421 |
Amending the requirements of plot development. |
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14687 June 20, 2005 |
Mina El-Hosn 1421 |
Amending the requirements of plot development so that the maximum building height becomes 140m instead of 120. |
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14802 June 20, 2005 |
Ashrafieh 5226 |
Increasing the TEC factor of a hotel building to 5%. |
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14811 June 20, 2005 |
Marfaa 646 |
Excluding the plot in question, which belongs to the Makassed Philanthropic Islamic Association, from the general requirements set for Downtown Beirut, permitting an extra 642 m2 to be added to the existing building and exceeding the TEC factor set at 5. |
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14814 June 20, 2005 |
Msaytbeh 3678-3688 |
Excluding the two plots and the planned tourist project from the height requirements set at 5.5 meters. |
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14829 June 28, 2005 |
Ras Beirut 483 |
Approving the increase of the TEC factor of a hotel building from 4 to 5. |
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14878 July 1, 2005 |
Mazra’a 3673- 3649 |
Approving the increase of the GEC of a hotel building from 50% to 60% and the TEC factor from 3.5 to 5. |
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447 June 20, 2007 |
Ras Beirut 2718 |
Permitting the increase of the TEC factor from 2.5 to 5. |
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533 July 10, 2007 |
Msaytbeh 4762-2227 |
Excluding the two plots from the construction regulations approved pursuant to Decree no. 6285 dated September 11, 1945 and its amendments by doubling the GEC from 20%to 40% and the TEC factor from 1.25 to 2.5. |
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717 September 8, 2007 |
Mazra’a 5976 |
Doubling the TEC factor of a hotel building from 2.5 to 5. |
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764 September 29, 2007 |
Msaytbeh 3799 |
Excluding the Oman’s embassy premises from certain construction regulations. |
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995 November 24, 2007 |
Ras Beirut 1331 |
Increasing the TEC factor of a hotel building on an area of 2493 m2 from 3.5 to 4.88. |
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1610 March 21, 2009 |
Mina El-Hosn 1418 |
Amending construction regulations for the purpose of constructing a hotel. |
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5674 February 7, 2011 |
Msaytbeh 4233/ Beirut |
Excluding the plot in question from construction regulations and rebuilding floors 6, 7 and 8 as they were before demolition. |
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Baabda |
2255 January 27, 2000 |
Baabda 5055 |
Increasing the TEC factor to 2.8 for the purpose of building a hotel. The area added as a result of the increase thus becomes 2998 m2 |
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2303 February 10, 2000 |
Shiyyah 1642 |
Increasing the GEC to 60% in the ninth division of the Hadath Boulevard and to 40% in the division under the area zoned ‘B’. Increasing the TEC in the first division to 0.6% and in the second to a factor of 3.91. The additional area thus becomes 6280 m2 for the purpose of building a hotel |
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17535 August 14, 2006 |
Shiyyah 86- 3255 |
Approving the increase of the GEC from 0.25 to 0.5 and the TEC factor from 0.9 to 1.8. |
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83 February 23, 2007 |
Baabda 5096 |
Permitting the increase of the TEC factor to 3.082. |
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666 November 7, 2008 |
Baabda 833 |
Excluding the plot in question from construction regulations so that the GEC becomes 45% instead of 40%, the TEC factor 2.4 instead of 1.04, the maximum height 45 instead of 17 meters and the maximum number of floors 10 instead of 4. The relevant building belongs to the Ministry of Finance. |
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1724 April 9, 2009 |
Qernayel 64-65 |
Excluding the plots in question from construction regulations for the purpose of establishing the Al-Jabal Al-Jadid Hospital. |
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2053 May 26, 2009 |
Tahouitet El-Ghadeer 391 |
Raising the authorized building height to 415 meters for the purpose of constructing a Flight Simulator Training Center |
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3342 February 23, 2010 |
Shiyyah 3016 |
Exempting from road setbacks for the purpose of establishing a Qatari embassy. |
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3743 April 1, 2010 |
Tahouitet El-Ghadeer 391 |
Raising the maximum height authorized from 41.5 meters to 43 meters for the purpose of erecting a building. |
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6854 November 17, 2011 |
Hadath 443 |
The GEC becomes 55% instead of 50% and the TEC 2 instead of 1.65 for the purpose of building a new public school. |
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7306 December 28, 2011 |
Shiyyah 1554 |
Subdividing the plot in question into 3 sections. |
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7846 March 23, 2012 |
Shiyyah 6925 |
Excluding the plot in question from the provisions of the annexation and subdivision decree issued in 1997. |
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8155 May 18, 2012 |
Bourj El-Barajneh 2891-2892 |
Excluding the plots in question from the provisions of the annexation and subdivision decree issued in 1997. |
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8767 August 27, 2012 |
Shiyyah 1548 |
The GEC becomes 94% instead of 50% and the TEC 5.7 instead of 1.65 for the purpose of building public garages. |
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Kessrouan |
2283 January 25, 2000 |
Sahel Alma 837 |
Increasing the TEC factor to 2.993 for the purpose of building a hotel. |
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3248 June 20, 2000 |
Kfaryassine 546 |
The GEC becomes 30% instead of 20% and the TEC factor 1.99 instead of 1 for the purpose of building a hotel. |
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5165 March 31, 2001 |
Sahel Alma 249 |
The GEC becomes 47% instead of 40% and the TEC factor 4 instead of 2. The area added as a result of the increase thus becomes 2054 m2. |
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8072 June 21, 2002 |
Mouaisrah 1187 |
Excluding a school building from the prescribed number of floors. |
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10054 April 15, 2003 |
Halat 46 |
Increasing the TEC factor of a hotel building from 0.4 to 0.8. |
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14826 June 27, 2005 |
Haret Sakhr 1279 |
Approving the increase of the TEC factor from 1.5 to 3. |
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14830 June 28, 2005 |
Kfaryassine 605 |
Approving the increase of the TEC factor of a hotel building from 1.5 to 3. |
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14832 June 28, 2005 |
Haret Sakhr 1419 |
Approving the increase of the TEC factor to 3. |
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16797 April 28, 2006 |
Ghazeer 3335 |
Permitting the increase of the TEC factor from 1.2 to 2.4. |
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548 July 18, 2007 |
Harissa 226 |
Permitting the increase of the GEC from 30% to 48% and the TEC factor from 1.2 to 2.4 as well as the construction of a second basement to use as parking.. |
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2285 June 17, 2009 |
Ghosta 329-1819 |
Amending the classification for the purpose of establishing a convent. |
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Tripoli
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2478 February 16, 2000 |
Tripoli 2372 |
Increasing the TEC factor to 5 for the purpose of building a hotel. |
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3274 June 26, 2000 |
Tripoli 502 |
The maximum TEC factor becomes 5 for the purpose of building a hotel. |
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14807 June 20, 2005 |
Tripoli 6670 |
Adding a building to the hospital existing on the said plot so that the TEC factor becomes 1.2 instead of 0.8. |
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14806 June 20, 2005 |
Tripoli 608 |
Excluding the plot in question from construction regulations. |
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532 July 10, 2007 |
Bsateen 3898-3900 |
Excluding the plot in question from construction regulations so as to double the TEC factor from 1.2 to 2.4 and increase the maximum building height from 18 meters to 30 meters. The building that would be constructed is also to be exempted from basement setbacks and from the provision of parking areas for the hall planned to be constructed on plot no. 3900. |
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1366 May 5, 2008 |
Zaytoun 755 |
Excluding the plot in question from construction regulations so as to increase the GEC from 20% to 25%. |
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3339 February 23, 2010 |
Tripoli 4004 |
The GEC becomes 45% instead of 30%, road setbacks 3 meters instead of 6 the maximum height authorized 30 meters instead of 18 for the purpose of constructing a church. |
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6801 October 16, 2011 |
Tripoli 3802 |
Exempting the plot in question from construction regulations so that the GEC becomes 35% instead of 30%, the TEC 1.8 instead of 1.2 and the maximum height authorized 24 meters instead of 18, for the purpose of building headquarters for the physicians of the north. |
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Aley |
4068 October 13, 2000 |
Choueifat 575- 1173 |
The GEC becomes 30% and the TEC factor 1 for the purpose of constructing a hotel named “Beirut Palace”. |
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5405 May 10, 2001 |
Sawfar 203 |
Increasing the TEC factor of a hotel building from 1.2 to 2.4. |
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14831 June 28, 2005 |
Al-Qebbeh 1183- 564- 563 |
Approving the increase of the TEC factor and the GEC to 60% and 30% respectively. . |
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17998 November 1, 2006 |
Souk El-Gharb 473- 477- 478 |
Permitting the increase of the TEC factor to 0.4 and the GEC to 11%. |
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29 February 22, 2007 |
Aley 6987 |
Excluding the plot in question from construction regulations so that the TEC factor becomes 0.63, the number of floors 7 including the open basement and the maximum height 26.6m. The increase is approved for the purpose of establishing a public school. . |
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79 February 23, 2007 |
Bhamdoun 1072 |
Permitting the increase of the TEC factor to 2.38. |
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9222 November 1, 2012 |
Majdel Baana 1470 |
The minimum subdivision plot area becomes 800 m2 instead of 1200 m2, the GEC 13.33% instead of 20% and the TEC factor 0.267 instead of 0.4. |
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Matn |
3165 June 5, 2000 |
Sin El-Fil 2482 |
Increasing the GEC to 34% and the TEC factor to 2.4 for the purpose of building a hotel. |
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3288 June 27, 2000 |
Broumana 109 |
The GEC becomes 60% instead of 40% and the maximum TEC factor 2.4 instead of 1.2. |
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6362 September 19, 2001 |
Ras El-Matn 2234 |
Exempting the plot in question from the road setback requirement (the distance which a building is set back from the boundaries of adjacent roads). |
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9247 December 16, 2002 |
Sin El-Fil 2331 |
Allowing the doubling of the CEC and the TEC (Metropolitan City Center) |
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1004 April 15, 2003 |
Qornet El-Hamra 2167 |
Excluding the plot in question from construction regulations by adding an extra floor to a nursing home for the elderly. |
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14808 June 20, 2005 |
Sin El-Fil 277 |
Excluding the plot in question from certain provisions for construction so that the TEC factor becomes 2.5 and the GEC 37 %. (The two coefficients were increased earlier in 1999 when the TEC was put at 2.4 and the GEC at 31.2%). |
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Shouf |
6426 September 28, 2001 |
Jiyyeh 2 |
Increasing the TEC factor of a hotel building from 0.4 to 0.5014. The area added as a result of the increase thus becomes 4389 m2 |
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9232 December 12, 2002 |
Deir El-Qamar 1480 |
Amending the construction regulations in the plot in question. |
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9399 January 15, 2003 |
Deir El-Qamar 2568 |
Excluding the plot in question from the prescribed construction regulations so that the number of authorized floors becomes 5. |
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9799 March 18, 2003 |
Ammatour 874 |
Excluding the plot in question from the requirements of construction on parts of the mains roads in the Shouf Qada’a and subjecting it to the code of non-classified areas. |
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16019 December 23, 2005 |
Deir El-Qamar 1878 |
Excluding the plot in question from the maximum building height allowed in the area. |
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3379 February 27, 2010 |
Jiyyeh 3021-2514 |
Amending the distance which a building is set back from the waterway axis to enable the Council for Development and Construction to establish a wastewater treatment plant. |
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Akkar |
11073 October 3, 2003 |
Mhammara 573 |
Excluding the plot from the construction regulations set for the area. |
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14810 June 20, 2005 |
Rahbi |
Excluding the plot in question from construction regulations for the purpose of building a hotel school. |
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14805 June 20, 2005 |
Rahbi 3310- 3901 |
Excluding the two plots from the requirements established in the region’s master plan , thus allowing the construction of a main hotel building, several chalets and a sports club. |
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7240 December 22, 2011 |
Qoulaya’at 2-136-137 |
Excluding the plots in question from construction regulations to establish a technical institute for the University of Balamand, standing 12 meters high instead of 10. |
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Koura |
951 November 21, 2007 |
Ras Masqa 2993 |
Excluding the plot in question from construction regulations so as to allow the construction of a hospital with two basements, a ground floor and four floors by increasing the TEC factor from 1.8 to 2.79 and the building height to 22.6 meters. |
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1374 May 5, 2008 |
Ras Masqa 78 |
Excluding the plot in question from construction regulations so that the GEC becomes 35% instead of 30%, the TEC factor 1.5 instead of 0.9, the maximum height 40 meters instead of 20 meters. The decree also allowed the erection of a 60 meter-high installation. |
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Mennieh Dennieh |
3742 April 1, 2010 |
Mhammara 6-7-8-21 |
Increasing the GEC from 20% to 30%, the TEC factor from 0.4 to 1, the maximum height from 10 meters to 12 meters and the maximum number of floors from 2 to 3. UNRWA premises are the beneficiary of this amendment. |
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5124 October 1, 2010 |
Sayr El-Dennieh 1398 |
The maximum height authorized becomes 16 meters instead of 9 meters for the purpose of constructing a public school. |
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8533 July 18, 2012 |
Zouk Bhannine 63 |
Doubling the maximum height from 10 meters to 20 meters for the purpose of building a mosque. |
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Zahle |
10661 August 14, 2003 |
Jdita 2162- 2211- 2189 |
Exempting the plots in question from the road setback requirements (the distance which a building is set back from the axis and sides of international roads). |
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11857 February 11, 2004 |
Chtoura 472 |
Permitting the settlement of the occurring violation. |
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4861 August 27, 2010 |
Hawsh El-Oumara 180 |
Amending the maximum authorized height of a factory tower from 13.5 meters to 31.5 meters. |
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8905 September 21, 2010 |
Hawsh El-Oumara 231 |
The GEC becomes 46.2% instead of 40%, the number of floors 7 instead of 3 and the maximum height authorized 21.5 meters instead of 13.5 meters. |
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8531 July 18, 2012 |
Construction code for Qebb Elias |
Amending the maximum height from 12 meters to 14 meters. |
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Baalbeck |
8064 May 4, 2012 |
Arsal 1250 |
The maximum height authorized becomes 12 instead of 6.5 meters and the number of floors 3 instead of 2 for the purpose of establishing a public school. |
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Bsharri |
895 November 8, 2007 |
Bsharri 6453-6454 |
Increasing the TEC factor from 0.25 to 0.5 and the GEC from 15% to 20%. |
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Saida |
4169 October 18, 2000 |
Adloun 1121 |
Amending exploitation conditions to allow for the establishment of a fish farming facility. |
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Tyre |
5298 October 28, 2010 |
Deir Qanoun El-Nahr 1217 |
Amending plot classification. |
Source: Decrees published in the Official Gazette, noting that no decrees on amending exploitation coefficients were issued in 2013 and 2014 (June 2014).
The table above reveals that the plots that benefited the most from increasing exploitation coefficients were predominantly in Beirut (28 beneficiaries) followed by Baabda (15) and Kesrouan (11). There were 9 beneficiaries in Tripoli, 7 in Aley and 6 in each of the Qada’as of Matn and Shouf.
Striking observations can be deduced from the table above. For instance, in 2000, out of 18 decrees, a minimum of 15 reported the construction of hotels as the reason for increase in exploitation coefficients. If this surplus of hotels has increased employment rates and benefit the hotel industry in general is doubtful. What is evident though is the pressure the surplus has imposed on the environment, traffic and population densities.
Furthermore, a considerable portion of the decrees authorized the construction of public schools in larger built-up areas at a time when Lebanon is known for its excess school space, regardless of the quality of this space. Against the backdrop of declining enrollment in public schools, would it not have been wiser to invest in bettering the existing buildings or improving curricula instead of straining infrastructure and natural resources with extra concrete?
Amongst the other ironic observations is the issuance of two decrees amending exploitation coefficients to allow for the erection of a church in Tripoli and a mosque in Mennieh. This, along with the decree facilitating the construction of premises for the physicians in the north, calls into question the feasibility of and need for built-up area expansion and makes investors as well as civil and religious institutions partners in environmental crimes.
1 The maximum percentage footprint of a plot of land that a building can occupy.
2 A multiple of the whole plot that defines the maximum construction area on the site.
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