The Republic of Concrete : Beneficiaries from the Increase in Built-up Areas

 

Decrees stipulating increase in ground and total coefficient factors (2000- June 2014)

Table 1

Qada’a

Number and date

of the decree

Real estate zone-Plot number

Remarks

Beirut

 

 

2477

February 6, 2000

Msaytbeh 5022

Raising the GEC from 40% to 60% and the TEC factor from 2.5 to 5. The area added as a result of the increase thus becomes 2277 m2 for the purpose of building a hotel

2522

February 23, 2000

Msaytbeh 4511

Raising the GEC from 40% to 58% and the TEC factor from 2 to 4 for the purpose of building a hotel.

3500

July 25, 2000

Ras Beirut 191

The maximum TEC factor goes up from 4 to 5.

3671

August 21, 2000

Ras Beirut 687-688

The GEC goes up from 40% to 59% and the TEC factor from 2.5 to 5 for the purpose of building a hotel.

4024

October 10, 2000

Msaytbeh 5000

The GEC becomes 60% and the maximum TEC factor 5 for the purpose of building a hotel.

4108

October 16, 2000

Ain El-Mrayseh 733

The GEC becomes 47% instead of 40% and the maximum TEC factor 5 instead of 2.5

4331

October 25, 2000

Ras Beirut 1090

The GEC becomes 58% instead of 40% and the maximum TEC factor 5 instead of 2, for the purpose of building a hotel.

4441

December 14, 2000

Several buildings in Downtown, Beirut

The Higher Urban Planning Council exempts a number of buildings in Downtown Beirut from certain construction requirements.

4906

February 13, 2001

Marfaa 448

Increasing the total area of construction allowed to 4153 m2.

5985

July 30, 2001

Ras Beirut 616- 617

Increasing the TEC factor of a hotel building from 4.8 to 5.

6113

August 30, 2001

Mazra’a 5394- 5870

Increasing the GEC of a hotel building from 40% to 50% and the TEC factor from 2.5 to 5.

6359

September 19, 2001

Ras Beirut 2914

Increasing the GEC of a hotel building from 40% to 60%. A previous decree numbered 10097 had raised the TEC factor to 5.

9121

November 28, 2002

Msaytbeh 2055

Excluding the plot in question from the prescribed construction regulations and excluding the heritage construction area from the TEC factor and the maximum height allowed on the plot.

9744

March 6, 2003

Ras Beirut 1089

Increasing the maximum TEC factor of a hotel building from 2.5 to 5.

14225

February 25, 2005

Mina El-Hosn 1421

Amending the requirements of plot development.

14687

June 20, 2005

Mina El-Hosn 1421

Amending the requirements of plot development so that the maximum building height becomes 140m instead of 120.

14802

June 20, 2005

Ashrafieh 5226

Increasing the TEC factor of a hotel building to 5%.

14811

June 20, 2005

Marfaa 646

Excluding the plot in question, which belongs to the Makassed Philanthropic Islamic Association, from the general requirements set for Downtown Beirut, permitting an extra 642 m2 to be added to the existing building and exceeding the TEC factor set at 5.

14814

June 20, 2005

Msaytbeh 3678-3688

Excluding the two plots and the planned tourist project from the height requirements set at 5.5 meters.

14829

June 28, 2005

Ras Beirut 483

Approving the increase of the TEC factor of a hotel building from 4 to 5.

14878

July 1, 2005

Mazra’a 3673- 3649

Approving the increase of the GEC of a hotel building from 50% to 60% and the TEC factor from 3.5 to 5.

447

June 20, 2007

Ras Beirut 2718

Permitting the increase of the TEC factor from 2.5 to 5.

533

July 10, 2007

Msaytbeh 4762-2227

Excluding the two plots from the construction regulations approved pursuant to Decree no. 6285 dated September 11, 1945 and its amendments by doubling the GEC from 20%to 40% and the TEC factor from 1.25 to 2.5.

717

September 8, 2007

Mazra’a 5976

Doubling the TEC factor of a hotel building from 2.5 to 5.

764

September 29, 2007

Msaytbeh 3799

Excluding the Oman’s embassy premises from certain construction regulations.

995

November 24, 2007

Ras Beirut 1331

 Increasing the TEC factor of a hotel building on an area of 2493 m2 from 3.5 to 4.88.

1610

March 21, 2009

Mina El-Hosn 1418

Amending construction regulations for the purpose of constructing a hotel.

5674

February 7, 2011

Msaytbeh 4233/ Beirut

Excluding the plot in question from construction regulations and rebuilding floors 6, 7 and 8 as they were before demolition.

Baabda

2255

January 27, 2000

Baabda 5055

Increasing the TEC factor to 2.8 for the purpose of building a hotel. The area added as a result of the increase thus becomes 2998 m2

2303

February 10, 2000

Shiyyah 1642

Increasing the GEC to 60% in the ninth division of the Hadath Boulevard and to 40% in the division under the area zoned ‘B’.

Increasing the TEC in the first division to 0.6% and in the second to a factor of 3.91. The additional area thus becomes 6280 m2 for the purpose of building a hotel

17535

August 14, 2006

Shiyyah 86- 3255

Approving the increase of the GEC from 0.25 to 0.5 and the TEC factor from 0.9 to 1.8.

83

February 23, 2007

Baabda 5096

Permitting the increase of the TEC factor to 3.082.

666

November 7, 2008

Baabda 833

Excluding the plot in question from construction regulations so that the GEC becomes 45% instead of 40%, the TEC factor 2.4 instead of 1.04, the maximum height 45 instead of 17 meters and the maximum number of floors 10 instead of 4. The relevant building belongs to the Ministry of Finance.

1724

April 9, 2009

Qernayel 64-65

Excluding the plots in question from construction regulations for the purpose of establishing the Al-Jabal Al-Jadid Hospital.

2053

May 26, 2009

Tahouitet El-Ghadeer 391

Raising the authorized building height to 415 meters for the purpose of constructing a Flight Simulator Training Center

3342

February 23, 2010

Shiyyah 3016

Exempting from road setbacks for the purpose of establishing a Qatari embassy.

3743

April 1, 2010

Tahouitet El-Ghadeer 391

Raising the maximum height authorized from 41.5 meters to 43 meters for the purpose of erecting a building.

6854

November 17, 2011

Hadath 443

The GEC becomes 55% instead of 50% and the TEC 2 instead of 1.65 for the purpose of building a new public school.

7306

December 28, 2011

Shiyyah 1554

Subdividing the plot in question into 3 sections.

7846

March 23, 2012

Shiyyah 6925

Excluding the plot in question from the provisions of the annexation and subdivision decree issued in 1997.

8155

May 18, 2012

Bourj El-Barajneh 2891-2892

Excluding the plots in question from the provisions of the annexation and subdivision decree issued in 1997.

8767

August 27, 2012

Shiyyah 1548

The GEC becomes 94% instead of 50% and the TEC 5.7 instead of 1.65 for the purpose of building public garages.

Kessrouan

2283

January 25, 2000

Sahel Alma 837

Increasing the TEC factor to 2.993 for the purpose of building a hotel.

3248

June 20, 2000

Kfaryassine 546

The GEC becomes 30% instead of 20% and the TEC factor 1.99 instead of 1 for the purpose of building a hotel.

5165

March 31, 2001

Sahel Alma 249

The GEC becomes 47% instead of 40% and the TEC factor 4 instead of 2. The area added as a result of the increase thus becomes 2054 m2.

8072

June 21, 2002

Mouaisrah 1187

Excluding a school building from the prescribed number of floors.

10054

April 15, 2003

Halat 46

Increasing the TEC factor of a hotel building from 0.4 to 0.8.

14826

June 27, 2005

Haret Sakhr 1279

Approving the increase of the TEC factor from 1.5 to 3.

14830

June 28, 2005

Kfaryassine 605

Approving the increase of the TEC factor of a hotel building from 1.5 to 3.

14832

June 28, 2005

Haret Sakhr 1419

Approving the increase of the TEC factor to 3.

16797

April 28, 2006

Ghazeer 3335

Permitting the increase of the TEC factor from 1.2 to 2.4.

548

July 18, 2007

Harissa 226

Permitting the increase of the GEC from 30% to 48% and the TEC factor from 1.2 to 2.4 as well as the construction of a second basement to use as parking..

2285

June 17, 2009

Ghosta 329-1819

Amending the classification for the purpose of establishing a convent.

Tripoli

 

2478

February 16, 2000

Tripoli 2372

Increasing the TEC factor to 5 for the purpose of building a hotel.

3274

June 26, 2000

Tripoli 502

The maximum TEC factor becomes 5 for the purpose of building a hotel.

14807

June 20, 2005

Tripoli 6670

Adding a building to the hospital existing on the said plot so that the TEC factor becomes 1.2 instead of 0.8.

14806

June 20, 2005

Tripoli 608

Excluding the plot in question from construction regulations.

532

July 10, 2007

Bsateen 3898-3900

Excluding the plot in question from construction regulations so as to double the TEC factor from 1.2 to 2.4 and increase the maximum building height from 18 meters to 30 meters. The building that would be constructed is also to be exempted from basement setbacks and from the provision of parking areas for the hall planned to be constructed on plot no. 3900.

1366

May 5, 2008

Zaytoun 755

Excluding the plot in question from construction regulations so as to increase the GEC from 20% to 25%.

3339

February 23, 2010

Tripoli 4004

The GEC becomes 45% instead of 30%, road setbacks 3 meters instead of 6 the maximum height authorized 30 meters instead of 18 for the purpose of constructing a church.

6801

October 16, 2011

Tripoli 3802

Exempting the plot in question from construction regulations so that the GEC becomes 35% instead of 30%, the TEC 1.8 instead of 1.2 and the maximum height authorized 24 meters instead of 18, for the purpose of building headquarters for the physicians of the north.

Aley

4068

October 13, 2000

Choueifat 575- 1173

The GEC becomes 30% and the TEC factor 1 for the purpose of constructing a hotel named “Beirut Palace”.

5405

May 10, 2001

Sawfar 203

Increasing the TEC factor of a hotel building from 1.2 to 2.4.

14831

June 28, 2005

Al-Qebbeh 1183- 564- 563

Approving the increase of the TEC factor and the GEC to 60% and 30% respectively. .

17998

November 1, 2006

Souk El-Gharb 473- 477- 478

Permitting the increase of the TEC factor to 0.4 and the GEC to 11%.

29

February 22, 2007

Aley 6987

Excluding the plot in question from construction regulations so that the TEC factor becomes 0.63, the number of floors 7 including the open basement and the maximum height 26.6m. The increase is approved for the purpose of establishing a public school. .

79

February 23, 2007

Bhamdoun 1072

Permitting the increase of the TEC factor to 2.38.

9222

November 1, 2012

Majdel Baana 1470

The minimum subdivision plot area becomes 800 m2 instead of 1200 m2, the GEC 13.33% instead of 20% and the TEC factor 0.267 instead of 0.4.

Matn

3165

June 5, 2000

Sin El-Fil 2482

Increasing the GEC to 34% and the TEC factor to 2.4 for the purpose of building a hotel.

3288

June 27, 2000

Broumana 109

The GEC becomes 60% instead of 40% and the maximum TEC factor 2.4 instead of 1.2.

6362

September 19, 2001

Ras El-Matn 2234

Exempting the plot in question from the road setback requirement (the distance which a building is set back from the boundaries of adjacent roads).

9247

December 16, 2002

Sin El-Fil 2331

Allowing the doubling of the CEC and the TEC (Metropolitan City Center)

1004

April 15, 2003

Qornet El-Hamra 2167

Excluding the plot in question from construction regulations by adding an extra floor to a nursing home for the elderly.

14808

June 20, 2005

Sin El-Fil 277

Excluding the plot in question from certain provisions for construction so that the TEC factor becomes 2.5 and the GEC 37 %. (The two coefficients were increased earlier in 1999 when the TEC was put at 2.4 and the GEC at 31.2%).

Shouf

6426

September 28, 2001

Jiyyeh 2

Increasing the TEC factor of a hotel building from 0.4 to 0.5014. The area added as a result of the increase thus becomes 4389 m2

9232

December 12, 2002

Deir El-Qamar 1480

Amending the construction regulations in the plot in question.

9399

January 15, 2003

Deir El-Qamar 2568

Excluding the plot in question from the prescribed construction regulations so that the number of authorized floors becomes 5.

9799

March 18, 2003

Ammatour 874

Excluding the plot in question from the requirements of construction on parts of the mains roads in the Shouf Qada’a and subjecting it to the code of non-classified areas.

16019

December 23, 2005

Deir El-Qamar 1878

Excluding the plot in question from the maximum building height allowed in the area.

3379

February 27, 2010

Jiyyeh 3021-2514

Amending the distance which a building is set back from the waterway axis to enable the Council for Development and Construction to establish a wastewater treatment plant.

Akkar

11073

October 3, 2003

Mhammara 573

Excluding the plot from the construction regulations set for the area.

14810

June 20, 2005

Rahbi

Excluding the plot in question from construction regulations for the purpose of building a hotel school.

14805

June 20, 2005

Rahbi 3310- 3901

Excluding the two plots from the requirements established in the region’s master plan , thus allowing the construction of a main hotel building, several chalets and a sports club.

7240

December 22, 2011

Qoulaya’at 2-136-137

Excluding the plots in question from construction regulations to establish a technical institute for the University of Balamand, standing 12 meters high instead of 10.

Koura

951

November 21, 2007

Ras Masqa 2993

Excluding the plot in question from construction regulations so as to allow the construction of a hospital with two basements, a ground floor and four floors by increasing the TEC factor from 1.8 to 2.79 and the building height to 22.6 meters.

1374

May 5, 2008

Ras Masqa 78

 Excluding the plot in question from construction regulations so that the GEC becomes 35% instead of 30%, the TEC factor 1.5 instead of 0.9, the maximum height 40 meters instead of 20 meters. The decree also allowed the erection of a 60 meter-high installation.

Mennieh

Dennieh

3742

April 1, 2010

Mhammara 6-7-8-21

Increasing the GEC from 20% to 30%, the TEC factor from 0.4 to 1, the maximum height from 10 meters to 12 meters and the maximum number of floors from 2 to 3.

UNRWA premises are the beneficiary of this amendment.

5124

October 1, 2010

Sayr El-Dennieh 1398

The maximum height authorized becomes 16 meters instead of 9 meters for the purpose of constructing a public school.

8533

July 18, 2012

Zouk Bhannine 63

Doubling the maximum height from 10 meters to 20 meters for the purpose of building a mosque.

Zahle

10661

August 14, 2003

Jdita 2162- 2211- 2189

Exempting the plots in question from the road setback requirements (the distance which a building is set back from the axis and sides of international roads).

11857

February 11, 2004

Chtoura 472

Permitting the settlement of the occurring violation.

4861

August 27, 2010

Hawsh El-Oumara 180

Amending the maximum authorized height of a factory tower from 13.5 meters to 31.5 meters.

8905

September 21, 2010

Hawsh El-Oumara 231

The GEC becomes 46.2% instead of 40%, the number of floors 7 instead of 3 and the maximum height authorized 21.5 meters instead of 13.5 meters.

8531

July 18, 2012

Construction code for Qebb Elias

Amending the maximum height from 12 meters to 14 meters.

Baalbeck

8064

May 4, 2012

Arsal 1250

The maximum height authorized becomes 12 instead of 6.5 meters and the number of floors 3 instead of 2 for the purpose of establishing a public school.

Bsharri

895

November 8, 2007

Bsharri 6453-6454

 Increasing the TEC factor from 0.25 to 0.5 and the GEC from 15% to 20%.

Saida

4169

October 18, 2000

Adloun 1121

Amending exploitation conditions to allow for the establishment of a fish farming facility.

Tyre

5298

October 28, 2010

Deir Qanoun El-Nahr 1217

Amending plot classification.

Source: Decrees published in the Official Gazette, noting that no decrees on amending exploitation coefficients were issued in 2013 and 2014 (June 2014).

The table above reveals that the plots that benefited the most from increasing exploitation coefficients were predominantly in Beirut (28 beneficiaries) followed by Baabda (15) and Kesrouan (11). There were 9 beneficiaries in Tripoli, 7 in Aley and 6 in each of the Qada’as of Matn and Shouf.

Striking observations can be deduced from the table above. For instance, in 2000, out of 18 decrees, a minimum of 15 reported the construction of hotels as the reason for increase in exploitation coefficients. If this surplus of hotels has increased employment rates and benefit the hotel industry in general is doubtful. What is evident though is the pressure the surplus has imposed on the environment, traffic and population densities.

Furthermore, a considerable portion of the decrees authorized the construction of public schools in larger built-up areas at a time when Lebanon is known for its excess school space, regardless of the quality of this space. Against the backdrop of declining enrollment in public schools, would it not have been wiser to invest in bettering the existing buildings or improving curricula instead of straining infrastructure and natural resources with extra concrete?

Amongst the other ironic observations is the issuance of two decrees amending exploitation coefficients to allow for the erection of a church in Tripoli and a mosque in Mennieh. This, along with the decree facilitating the construction of premises for the physicians in the north, calls into question the feasibility of and need for built-up area expansion and makes investors as well as civil and religious institutions partners in environmental crimes.

1 The maximum percentage footprint of a plot of land that a building can occupy.

2 A multiple of the whole plot that defines the maximum construction area on the site.

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